In Sanchez v. Valencia Holding Company, LLC, Court slays arbitration agreement, comments on Concepcion and Armendariz

With AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, ___ U.S. ___, 131 S.Ct. 1740 (2011) in the bank and earning interest, the new defense playbook includes a renewed, direct assault on Armendariz v. Foundation Health Psychcare Services, Inc., 24 Cal. 4th 83 (2000).  But in Sanchez v. Valencia Holding Company, LLC (October 24, 2011), the Court of Appeal (Second Appellate District, Division One) stongly declared the ongoing viability of Armendariz after Concepcion.  In other words, Concepcion is to state law unconscionability analysis as tap water is to vampires - no effect.

 The allegations are easy to summarize.  Plaintiff Sanchez wanted to buy a used Mercedes.   The dealer charged him $3,700 to have the vehicle "certified" as eligible for a lower interest rate.  That was a lie.  The charge was for an undisclosed and optional extended warranty.  The dealer charged him new tire fees when not all of the tires were new.  Plaintiff was also told that the vehicle was a "certified" used Mercedes, having been through a rigorous inspection and maintenance process.  That was also a lie.  Sanchez filed a class action alleging, among other things, violations of the CLRA, ASFA, UCL, Song-Beverly Act, and Public Resources Code section 42885.

Valencia moved to compel arbitration. The trial court denied the motion, stating that the CLRA expressly provides for class actions and declares the right to a class action to be unwaivable.   (See Civ. Code, §§ 1781, 1751.) As a consequence, the class action waiver in the arbitration provision was unenforceable. Further, because the agreement included a poison pill clause, the unenforceability of the class action waiver made the entire arbitration provision unenforceable.   The trial court therefore denied the motion. Valencia appealed.

The Court of Appeal began its discussion by summarizing its conclusion:

We do not address whether the class action waiver is unenforceable. Rather, we conclude the arbitration provision as a whole is unconscionable: The provision is procedurally unconscionable because it is adhesive and satisfies the elements of oppression and surprise; it is substantively unconscionable because it contains terms that are one-sided in favor of the car dealer to the detriment of the buyer. Because the provision contains multiple invalid terms, it is permeated with unconscionability and unenforceable. Severance of the offending terms is not appropriate. It follows that the case should be heard in a court of law.

Slip op., at 10.  Next, focusing on Concepcion and Armendariz, the Court said:

Before applying Armendariz to the present case, we note that Concepcion, supra, 131 S.Ct. 1740, does not preclude the application of the Armendariz principles to determine whether an arbitration provision is unconscionable. Concepcion disapproved the "Discover Bank rule," stating:  "In Discover Bank, the California Supreme Court applied [the doctrine of unconscionability] to class-action waivers in arbitration agreements and held as follows: [¶]  '[W]hen the [class action] waiver is found in a consumer contract of adhesion in a setting in which disputes between the contracting parties predictably involve small amounts of damages, and when it is alleged that the party with the superior bargaining power has carried out a scheme to deliberately cheat large numbers of consumers out of individually small sums of money, then . . . the waiver becomes in practice the exemption of the party "from responsibility for [its] own fraud, or willful injury to the person or property of another." Under these circumstances, such waivers are unconscionable under California law and should not be enforced.'" (Concepcion, at p. 1746, italics added.) With the exception of the Discover Bank rule, the Court acknowledged that the doctrine of unconscionability is still a basis for invalidating arbitration provisions. (Concepcion, at pp. 1746, 1747; see Kanbar v. O’Melveny & Myers (N.D.Cal. 2011) 2011 U.S. Dist. Lexis 79447, pp. *15–*16, *23–*24, 2011 WL 2940690, pp. *6, *9.) Thus, Concepcion is inapplicable where, as here, we are not concerned with a class action waiver or a judicially imposed procedure that conflicts with the arbitration provision and the purposes of the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) (9 U.S.C. §§ 1–16). (See Concepcion, at pp. 1748–1753.)

Slip op., at 11-12.  In the balance of the opinion, the Court found procedural unconscionability (one-sided and surprise) and substantive unconscionability (several terms favoring dealer).  The Court then concluded that some of the substantive defects could not be cured by striking provisions.

The Court explicity declined to address the issue of whether the CLRA rendered the class action waiver provision unenforceable.

Justice Rothschild concurred in the judgment.

Comment on the 4th Annual Class Action Symposium by Consumer Attorneys of San Diego

After returning from a week of travel for work, I wanted to post a quick comment about the 4th Annual Class Action Symposium presented by Consumer Attorneys of San Diego.  After speaking at the Symposium, I can now say quite confidently that it contains top-tier material for class action practitioners.  Almost any class action practitioner will benefit in some way.  I regret that I could not attend the second day of the Symposium because of my travel schedule.  Make a mental note to attend the Symposium next year.   You will be glad you attended this Symposium, and not one targeted at a more basic level of experience.

Register for the Golden State Antitrust and Unfair Competition Law Institute

The 21st Annual Golden State Antitrust and Unfair Competition Law Institute is now open for registration.  This informative MCLE program is sponsored by the State Bar of California, Antitrust and Unfair Competition Law Section.  The full day Institute (followed by the Antitrust Lawyer of the Year Award Dinner) will take place on Thursday, October 27, 2011 at the Westin St. Francis Hotel in San Francisco.

View the complete program here.

View a printable brochure here.

Register here.

I attended this program last year as a speaker, and I can tell you from personal experience that the panels are heavy-duty stuff.

BOOM! Brinker goes on Supreme Court's calendar for November; nobody cares after Concepcion stole all the oxygen

There we have it.  Brinker is set for argument on Tuesday, November 8, 2011, at 9:00 a.m., in San Francisco.  I have to wonder if this will amount to less of a bombshell now that the class action practitioners of the world are intensely focused on how Concepcion will impact wage & hour class actions generally.  But we've waited so long for answers to the many questions raised by Brinker that we deserve an answer.  Thank goodness I don't have to make a Brinker-Watch 2012 graphic.

Degelmann v. Advanced Medical Optics applies Kwikset to support UCL standing but finds medical device preemption applies

I've been swamped at work, so posts around here have been few and far between.  But there haven't been many class-related decisions to write about either, so maybe you didn't miss much.  Today, however, when the legal profession is repenting, I at least have some time to write.  In Degelmann v. Advanced Medical Optics (9th Cir. Sept. 28, 2011), the Ninth Circuit examined UCL standing and medical device preemption.  In Degelmann, the plaintiffs sought to represent a putative class of purchasers of contact lens solution. Their suit alleged that defendant violated California’s Unfair Competition Law (“UCL”) and False Advertising Law (“FAL”) by marketing Complete MoisturePlus (“MoisturePlus”) as a product that cleans and disinfects lenses. The district court granted defendant's motion for summary judgment, ruling that plaintiffs lacked standing.

First, the Court examined the plaintiffs' standing under the UCL:

Here, as in Kwikset, the plaintiffs allege that they paid more for a product due to reliance on false advertising. The district court in this case was likely correct that Degelmann and Lin would have bought other contact lens solution had they not purchased MoisturePlus. However, as elucidated by the Kwikset court’s discussion, it does not necessarily follow that they did not suffer economic harm. Degelmann and Lin presented evidence that they were deceived into purchasing a product that did not disinfect as well as it represented. Had the product been labeled accurately, they would not have been willing to pay as much for it as they did, or would have refused to purchase the product altogether. The district court’s reasoning—that class members would have bought other contact lens solution, and therefore suffered no economic harm— conceived of injury in fact too narrowly.

Slip op., at 18565.  In that same discussion, the Court distinguished Birdsong v. Apple, Inc.:

The inquiry into injury in fact in this case, where the class makes claims under both the UCL’s fraud prong and the FAL, is not controlled by Birdsong v. Apple, Inc., 590 F.3d 955 (9th Cir. 2009). In that case, purchasers of iPod headphones pursued a claim under the UCL’s “unfair” and “unlawful” prongs, asserting that listening to loud music on the headphones could result in hearing loss. They did not allege economic harm from having purchased headphones in reliance on false advertising, but rather claimed that the inherent risk of the headphones reduced the value of their purchase and deprived plaintiffs of the benefit of their bargain. Id. at 961. The court in that case found that the claim of economic harm was not sufficient to plead injury in fact in part because, in distinct contrast to the MoisturePlus labeling at issue in this case, Apple had not represented that the headphones were safe at high volume. Rather, “Apple provided a warning against listening to music at loud volumes.” Id. Because there is allegedly false labeling and advertising at issue in this case, Birdsong does not aid our disposition here.

Slip op., at 18565-66.  So far, so good for the plaintiffs.  But then the Court discusses preemption.  The Court found that the lens solution at issue satisfied FDA requirements for labelling contact lens solution.  The Court concluded that, having met the standard, the UCL and FAL would necessarily have to impose additional obligations in order for the plaintiffs to state any claim, which would then invoke preemption, immediately precluding the claim:

In order for the class to recover in this lawsuit, a court would have to hold that California’s UCL and FAL required something different than what the FDA required in order for AMO to label MoisturePlus a disinfectant. Those California laws would have to require that AMO test for Acanthamoeba, and show that MoisturePlus kills it in sufficient quantities. That is, California law would have a requirement that is additional to the federal requirements.

Slip op., at 18569.  And that, as they say, was that.  You have standing, but you lose.  At least it's good to have some guidance from the Ninth Circuit on the application of Kwikset to federal standing arguments.

Consumer Attorneys of San Diego present the 4th Annual Class Action Symposium

A combination of being buried at work and precious few appellate decisions filled with class action gold have made things a little slow around here.  But now I've got something for you.   The Consumer Attorneys of San Diego are presenting their 4th Annual Class Action Symposium on Friday, October 14, 2011 and Saturday, October 15, 2011, at the Hilton San Diego Bayfront, 1 Park Blvd.

The Hilton San Diego Bayfront Hotel is the newest waterfront hotel located directly adjacent to the Padre Stadium and a short walk from downtown’s Gaslamp Quarter and East Village.

Good for 10.0 General Credits and 1.0 Ethics MCLE Credit, the Symposium will include an impressive lineup of speakers.  The panel speakers will address topics such as: Class Arbitration, Dukes, Ticketmaster, and Damages and Equitable Relief, just to name a few.  Featured speakers include: Arthur Bryant of Public Justice, the nation's leading lawyer on the issue of class wide arbitration, Judge Vaughn Walker (Ret.), whose creative legal mind will help navigate emerging complex cases and activist Harvey Rosenfield, founder of Consumer Watchdog, to put it all in perspective.  I will be speaking there too, but you should sign up anyhow.

A little antitrust nugget in the movie theater business...

This one entertains me becaues it faintly evokes the studio system of the 1930's and the decades of antitrust action by the FTC, with United States v. Paramount Pictures, 334 U.S. 131 (1948) stealing a good deal of the spotlight.  It's not quite as big as Paramount, but it's what we have.  In Flagship Theaters of Palm Desert LLC v. Century Theaters, Inc. (August 31, 2011), the Court of Appeal (Second Appellate District, Division One) considered an appeal of a summary judgment ruling that ended Flagship's antitrust action.  The allegations were summarized by the Court:

Flagship filed this antitrust action against Century and two film distributors, alleging that Century has used the power deriving from both the size of its theater circuit and its many theaters in noncompetitive markets to undermine the competitive process through which theaters bid for and obtain licenses to exhibit first-run films. According to Flagship, under previous ownership the River and the Palme obtained roughly equal numbers of first-run films, but under Century the River now obtains licenses for far more first-run films than the Palme, the few that are left to the Palme are commercially inferior, and the imbalance is not based on the relative merits of the Palme's and the River's bids. On the contrary, according to Flagship, superior bids by the Palme are often rejected in favor of inferior bids by the River as a result of Century's abuse of the power of its circuit

Slip op., at 2.  I'm not going to cover the Court's interesting attempt to assess the current state of unlawful circuit dealing under the Sherman Act and the Cartwright Act.  But if you practice or dabble in antitrust law, this is like a brief history lesson centered around the movie distribution world.  I will note, however, that the Court wasn't thrilled with all of the sealed documents the Court received and later concluded were not appropriately classified as confidential.

Bank of America avoids some liability for Countrywide's evil, destruction of America

Slowly but surely, the fallout from the meltdown in the financial and real estate sectors is showing up in the Courts of Appeal.  This next sentence is a bit tricky, so watch my hands carefully.  In Bank of America v. Superior Court (Ronald) (August 24, 2011), the Court of Appeal (Second Appellate District, Division Three) considered whether borrowers that obtained Countrywide-originated home loans could state fraudulent concealment claims against Countrywide because Countrywide sold investors (not the borrowers) pools of mortgages at inflated values, resulting in the destruction of the housing market and subsequent loss of home values across California.  That is a spectucular theory.  But the Court of Appeal didn't think so:

Due to the generalized decline in home values which affects all homeowners (borrowers of Countrywide, borrowers who dealt with other lenders, and homeowners who owned their homes free and clear), there is no nexus between Countrywide's alleged fraudulent concealment of its scheme to bilk investors and the diminution in value of the instant borrowers' properties.

Slip op., at 2.  The Court examined the inentional tort of fraudulent concealment, finding that, on the facts, the theory failed for several reasons:

"Although 'inferentially, everyone has a duty to refrain from committing intentionally tortious conduct against another' [citation], it does not follow that one who intends to commit a tort owes a duty to disclose that intention to his or her intended victim. The general duty is not to warn of the intent to commit wrongful acts, but to refrain from committing them. We are aware of no authority supporting the imposition of additional liability on an intentional tortfeasor for failing to disclose his or her tortious intent before committing a tort." (Id. at p. 338; accord Deteresa v. American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. (9 th Cir. 1997) 121 F.3d 460, 467-468 [even if audiotaping and videotaping were wrongful, defendant was not liable for failing to disclose its intention to commit those wrongful acts]; In re MRU Holdings Securities Litigation (S.D.N.Y. 2011) 769 F.Supp.2d 500, 515 [it is "'rather circular' to say that . . . Defendants 'committed fraud by concealing their intent to commit fraud'"].)

Slip op., at 11.  The Court then found defects in causation, explaining that essentially all homeowers suffered a loss in equity when the overall market declined, whether borrower with Countrywide or not.  Although the comment at the end about how the holding is limited in nature, focused solely on the viability of the claim as alleged, suggests that, deep down, the Justices might actually believe that Countrywide had a major hand in the real estate implosion in some meaningful way.  Of course, that's my fantastical speculation and not reflective of any actual insight or knowledge on my part.

Strong-ARM tactics dealt a stunning setback in Boschma v. Home Loan Center, Inc.

After the great real estate implosion, lenders have been very busy, attempting to justify a number of questionable practices and products.  One such loan product, the Option ARM, has been challenged in state and federal courts.  Option ARM loans are complex forms of adjustable rate loans that generally include several payments options during the early years of the loan.  One payment option includes the ability to make a "minimum" payment for several years.  However, many Option ARM loan minimum payments are insufficient to pay accruing interest after an initial "teaser" interest rate that is very low.  Once the "teaser" rate period expires, the unpaid interest is added onto the loan, increasing the principal balance owed on the loan (negative amortization).  Because of their complexity, clear disclosures to borrowers are essential.  In Boschma v. Home Loan Center, Inc. (August 10, 2011), the Court of Appeal (Fourth Appellate District, Division Three) held that a complaint alleging a lender's failure to disclose that negative amortization would definitely occur (instead describing that scenario as merely possible), was sufficient to state violations of the UCL and common law fraud.

The Court described the claims of the Second Amended Complaint:

The gravamen of plaintiffs' operative complaint is that defendant failed to disclose prior to plaintiffs entering into their Option ARMs: (1) "the loans were designed to cause negative amortization to occur"; (2) "the monthly payment amounts listed in the loan documents for the first two to five years of the loans were based entirely upon a low 'teaser' interest rate (though not disclosed as such by Defendants) which existed for only a single month and which was substantially lower than the actual interest rate that would be charged, such that these payment amounts would never be sufficient to pay the interest due each month"; and (3) "when [plaintiffs] followed the contractual payment schedule in the loan documents, negative amortization was certain to occur, resulting in a significant loss of equity in borrowers' homes, and making it much more difficult for borrowers to refinance the loans [because of the prepayment penalty included in the loan for paying off the loan within the first three years of the loan]; thus, as each month passed, the homeowners would actually owe more money than they did at the outset of the loan, with less time to repay it."

Slip op., at 13.  The Court began its analysis by explaining what was not at issue in the case at this time:

It is important to demarcate the boundaries of this dispute. The following is not at issue in this case: (1) should it be legal to offer Option ARMs to typical mortgage borrowers; and (2) should it be legal to utilize "teaser" ("discounted") interest rates (here 1.25 percent for the first month of a 30 year loan), which bear no relation to the actual cost of credit? Our only concern in this case is whether plaintiffs stated a cause of action under state law based on defendant‘s allegedly misleading, incomplete, and/or inaccurate disclosures in the Option ARM documents provided to plaintiffs.

Slip op., at 15.  The Court then observed that no California state court had addressed the exact issues presented in the case.  However, the Court noted that a number of federal courts had examined similar issues.

The Court began by addressing the Defendant's contention that strict compliance with TILA provided it with a safe harbor of sorts:

A string of cases (involving strikingly similar Option ARM forms/disclosures to those used in the instant case) have held that a borrower states a claim for a violation of TILA based on, among other disclosure deficiencies, the failure of the lender to clearly state that making payments pursuant to the TILDS payment schedule will result in negative amortization during the initial years of the loan.

Slip op., at 18.  The Court concluded that, since the allegations could support a cause of action for TILA violations, it would be nonsensical to dismiss the claims at this stage, based on a claim of compliance with TILA disclosure obligations.  Note:  There was no TILA claim asserted in this action, only UCL and fraudulent concealment claims.

Next, the Court considered the state law fradulent concealment claims.  The Court began its discussion by citing a number of federal cases that allowed state law claims to proceed along with TILA claims.  The Court then turned to the sufficiency of the fraud pleading.  The Court found that the failure to disclose the exceedingly low teaser rate adequately was a sufficient omission to suppor the fraudulent concealment claim: "The teaser rate creates an artificially low (compared to the actual cost of credit) initial payment schedule and guarantees that the actual applicable interest rate (after the first month of the loan) will exceed the interest rate used to calculate the payment schedule for the initial years of the loan."  Slip op., at 24.

Turning to the UCL, the Court found that the allegations were sufficient to support a UCL under all three prongs.  The "unfair" prong discussion was the most interesting of the three:

As noted above in our discussion of damages, it may be difficult for plaintiffs to prove they could not have avoided any of the harm of negative amortization — they could have simply paid more each month once they discovered their required payment was not sufficient to pay off the interest accruing on the loan. But plaintiffs may show they were unable to avoid some substantial negative amortization. And we see no countervailing value in defendant's practice of providing general, byzantine descriptions of Option ARMs, with no clear disclosures explaining that, with regard to plaintiffs' particular loans, negative amortization would certainly occur if payments were made according to the payment schedule. To the contrary, a compelling argument can be made that lenders should be discouraged from competing by offering misleading teaser rates and low scheduled initial payments (rather than competing with regard to low effective interest rates, low fees, and economically sustainable payment schedules). Finally, to the extent an "unfair" claim must be "tethered" to specific statutory or regulatory provisions, TILA and Regulation Z provide an adequate tether even though plaintiffs are not directly relying on federal law to make their claims.

Slip op., at 29.

Fun fact: the Court cited Kwikset when rejecting the Defendant's contention that the Plaintiffs did not adequately allege standing under the UCL.

Disclosure:  J. Mark Moore of Spiro Moss argued this matter before the Court of Appeal and contributed significantly to the briefing on appeal.

In the "Pitts" of despair, a "Terrible" attempt to pick off a class representative fails

I remember when what was probably the first Terrible Herbst gas station opened a mere block from my home in Las Vegas.  Refilled a lot of bike tires there.  But enough about my childhood.  Terrible Herbst isn't the friendly local gas station of my youth.  Now it's just another corporate slave to the whisperings of defense counsel skilled in the dark arts.  In Pitts v. Terrible Herbst, Inc. (August 9, 2011), the Ninth Circuit considered whether a rejected offer of judgment for the full amount of a putative class representative's individual claim moots a class action complaint where the offer precedes the filing of a motion for class certification.  The Ninth Circuit concluded that it did not.

Pitts filed a hybrid FLSA and Nevada labor law class action.  The defendant removed it to federal court.  With a discovery motion pending, Terrible made a Rule 68 offer of judgment in the amount of $900.  Pitts claimed $88.00 in damages but rejected the offer.  Terrible then sought to have the matter dismissed.  The Ninth Circuit rejected this attempt to impede consideration of the class certification question:

An inherently transitory claim will certainly repeat as to the class, either because “[t]he individual could nonetheless suffer repeated [harm]” or because “it is certain that other persons similarly situated” will have the same complaint. Gerstein, 420 U.S. at 110 n.11. In such cases, the named plaintiff’s claim is “capable of repetition, yet evading review,” id., and “the ‘relation back’ doctrine is properly invoked to preserve the merits of the case for judicial resolution,” McLaughlin, 500 U.S. at 52; see also Geraghty, 445 U.S. at 398; Sosna, 419 U.S. at 402 n.11.

Slip op., at 10453.  The Court then discussed the argument that the claims in this matter were not "inherrently" transitory:

We recognize that the canonical relation-back case—such as Gerstein or McLaughlin—involves an “inherently transitory” claim and, correspondingly, “a constantly changing putative class.” Wade v. Kirkland, 118 F.3d 667, 670 (9th Cir. 1997). But we see no reason to restrict application of the relation-back doctrine only to cases involving inherently transitory claims. Where, as here, a defendant seeks to “buy off” the small individual claims of the named plaintiffs, the analogous claims of the class—though not inherently transitory—become no less transitory than inherently transitory claims. Thus, although Pitts’s claims “are not ‘inherently transitory’ as a result of being time sensitive, they are ‘acutely susceptible to mootness’ in light of [the defendant’s] tactic of ‘picking off’ lead plaintiffs with a Rule 68 offer to avoid a class action.”

Slip op., at 10454.  Interestingly, the Court essentially found that the right to certify a class was an additional right not satisfied by the Rule 68 offer, and that right could not be extinguished unless certification were denied and all appellate efforts were exhausted.

Next, the Court ruled that it was error to find that Pitts failed to timely file a motion for class certification when the trial court refused to rule on a pending discovery motion to obtain evidence necessary for certification.

Other issues raised in the appeal were not addressed by the Court once it concluded that the trial court erred in its ruling regarding the timing of certification.